You're flipping through some old coins and notice a few unfamiliar ones. The faces seem different, the symbols strange. Upon closer inspection you see the name - Akbar. Your interest is piqued. Who was this Akbar and what's the story behind these coins? Turns out, they offer a unique window into Mughal India. In this 100-word teaser, we'll explore the numerology and meaning behind the iconography. From gold to silver to copper, these coins help unravel the mystique of an emperor and era. As a collector, they let you hold history in your hands. Stay tuned as we journey back to uncover the legends, symbols, and significance sealed within the metal disks of Akbar's treasure.
Overview of Coins of Akbar and the Mughal Empire
During Akbar's reign, the Mughal Empire was expanding rapidly, gaining wealth and power. This allowed Akbar to issue copper, silver and gold coins on a large scale for the first time in India.
Gold Coins
The most well-known gold coins issued by Akbar were the Mohur and the Ashrafi. The Mohur featured a standard design with Islamic calligraphy and royal symbols like the sun, moon and elephant. Mohurs made of 22 carat gold were the highest denomination, used mainly for large transactions and gifting.
Silver Coins
Akbar issued silver coins called the Rupiya, which later became the currency of India. Rupiyas featured the Kalima, the proclamation of faith in Islam, and the name of the minting location. As the Rupiya was lighter, it was used for everyday market transactions.
Copper Coins
Akbar introduced copper coins called Dams and Paise for the first time in India. These affordable coins allowed even commoners to participate in the market economy. The Dams and Paise featured the Kalima on one side and the minting location on the other.
Today, Akbar's gold, silver and copper coins are highly prized by numismatists and collectors. They offer a glimpse into the economic and political landscape of the Mughal era. If you come across such coins, handle them carefully and consider donating or selling them to museums to help preserve India's history. Studying these coins can teach us a great deal about one of the greatest empires in the Indian subcontinent.
Symbols and Markings on Akbar Coins
If you've ever gotten your hands on coins from Akbar's reign, you've probably noticed the intricate symbols and markings on them. These weren't just decorative - they held important meaning.
The Kalima
The most prominent marking was the Kalima, the Muslim declaration of faith. Having this on the coin asserted Akbar's faith and his right to rule. The Kalima appeared on the obverse, the front face of the coin.
The Regnal Year
Also on the obverse was the regnal year, telling you the year of Akbar's reign that the coin was minted. This helped in keeping track of when and where different coins were produced.
The Mint Name
The mint name specified where the coin was minted. Akbar's coins came from mints across North India, so the mint name is key to understanding their origin and distribution.
The Ruler's Name and Titles
Of course, Akbar's coins prominently featured his name and royal titles affirming his sovereignty. His full name, Jalaluddin Muhammad Akbar Padshah Ghazi, often appeared on the obverse or reverse in Arabic or Nagari script.
The Zodiac Sign
Some coins featured the zodiac sign the coin was minted under, reflecting Akbar's interest in astrology. The signs were often depicted by their animal symbols like the ram for Aries or the twins of Gemini.
The Animate and Inanimate Dot
Two dots, one animate and one inanimate, sometimes appeared on coins. Their exact meaning is unclear but may relate to life and eternity or the relationship between the ruler and the ruled.
The symbols and markings on Akbar's coins give us a glimpse into the beliefs and events of Mughal India. Preserving and studying these coins allows us to better understand this fascinating period of history.
Types of Akbar Coins: Gold, Silver and Copper
Akbar issued coins in gold, silver and copper during his reign. The gold coins were the most valuable and copper the least. Each metal’s coinage had unique symbols and markings to signify their worth.
Gold Coins
The gold coins, called the Mohur, were the highest denomination issued by Akbar. They featured Arabic inscriptions proclaiming Akbar’s full name and title, as well as the place and year of minting. The gold Mohurs also bore the Zodiac sign Akbar was born under, Sagittarius. These gold coins are exceptionally rare today due to their intrinsic value.
Silver Coins
Akbar also issued silver coins in several denominations, including the square-shaped Rupiya. They featured the Kalima, the fundamental creed of Islam, as well as Akbar’s name and the place and year of issue. The silver coins provide a glimpse into the Mughal’s monetary system and were commonly used for larger transactions during Akbar’s reign. Many silver coins of Akbar have survived and can be found in private collections and museums.
Copper Coins
The copper coins, called Dams, were the most commonly circulated coins of Akbar's era. They featured the Kalima on one side and the denomination on the other, along with the regnal year of issue. The copper Dams were used for smaller, everyday transactions by common people. Due to the huge volumes produced, Dams are readily available for collectors today and provide an affordable way to own a piece of Mughal history.
Preserving these coins, whether gold, silver or copper, provides a tangible connection to Akbar and life during the Mughal Empire. Care must be taken to properly handle and protect these coins to avoid further deterioration. Keeping them in protective capsules and out of direct contact with skin oils is key. With care and research, Akbar’s coins can continue to reveal insights into this dynamic period in India’s numismatic history.
Minting Akbar Coins: Where and How They Were Made
The Mints of Akbar's Empire
During Akbar's reign, imperial coins were produced at various mints located throughout the Mughal Empire. The major mints were in Agra, Delhi, Lahore, Ahmedabad, and Kabul. Coins from different mints can often be distinguished based on small differences in calligraphy, design, and metal composition. Studying these variations allows numismatists to trace the spread of Mughal rule through the analysis of coin distribution across regions.
The Metals: Gold, Silver and Copper
Akbar issued coins in gold (the mohur), silver (the rupee) and copper (the dam). The mohur, featuring an image of Akbar, was the highest denomination and main currency of prestige. The rupee, also featuring the emperor, was the most common coin used in daily commerce. The small copper dam coins, with inscriptions but no images, were used for small transactions. The values of these coins were standardized under Akbar's reign, allowing for a single monetary system across the empire.
Minting Process
The minting of coins was a complex process requiring skilled labor and advanced technology. First, the appropriate amount of gold, silver or copper was obtained, likely through a combination of trade, taxation and plunder. The metal was then refined to high purity before being shaped into planchets of uniform size and weight. Finally, the planchets were stamped with the appropriate dies to imprint the Sultan's name and insignia on one side, and the name of the mint along with the date on the other side. Quality control measures were put in place to ensure consistency in the weight, purity and design of the coins.
Today, Akbar's coins provide a glimpse into the economic and political landscape of the 16th century Mughal Empire. For collectors, these coins are a tangible link to a formidable ruler and a golden age of Indian history. By preserving them in acid-free albums or display cases, numismatists can ensure these artifacts survive for future generations to study and admire.
Most Valuable and Rare Akbar Coins for Collectors
As an avid coin collector, some of the most prized coins in any collection are the rare, highly-valued ones. During Akbar’s reign, some exceptional coins were minted that today command a high premium.
The Ilahi Gold Mohurs Some of the rarest and most expensive Akbar coins are the Ilahi gold mohurs minted in AH 986 from the Agra mint. Only two examples of this coin are known to exist, with one selling for over $30,000 at auction. The Ilahi mohurs feature beautiful calligraphy and design.
The Ahmadabad Mint Rupees
Silver rupees from Akbar’s early reign, especially those from the Ahmadabad mint, are also coveted by collectors. An example from AH 986 sold for over $41,000, making it one of the most valuable Mughal coins. These coins feature Akbar’s name and royal titles in Arabic on one side, with the mint name and date on the reverse.
The Jahangir Square Mohur
Though minted during Jahangir’s reign, the Jahangir Square mohur is considered an exceptional example of Mughal coinage. Featuring a square shape and intricate repousse design, this large gold mohur is extremely rare, with only a handful known to exist. An example sold at auction in 2011 for over $170,000, a record price for a Mughal coin.
These rare, museum-quality coins offer a glimpse into the immense wealth and power of the Mughal Empire. For the avid collector, acquiring one of these coins would be the pinnacle of a collection. However, due to their immense value and scarcity, most collectors can only admire photos and live vicariously through auction results and museum exhibits!
Properly storing and preserving these rare coins is critical to maintaining their value and beauty for future generations. Keeping them in protective capsules in a climate-controlled environment away from moisture and direct sunlight will help ensure these treasures survive another 400 years as a testament to the Mughal dynasty’s enduring legacy.
How to Authenticate and Grade Your Akbar Coins
Akbar coins are highly prized by collectors, so it’s important to verify their authenticity and determine their condition. Here are some tips to ensure you’re getting the real deal.
Examine the Coin Carefully
Study the coin under a magnifying glass. Look for small details like the clarity of the inscriptions and symbols. Fake coins often look “fuzzy” or lack sharpness. Check that the calligraphy and images match known examples of coins from that period. The most common Akbar coins featured the Kalima, the declaration of faith, or depictions of elephants and lions.
Consider the Wear and Tear
Authentic coins that have been in circulation for centuries will show signs of aging. Look for a dull, worn-down appearance and small nicks, scratches or holes. Freshly minted replica coins will look shiny and flawless. However, be wary of coins that seem intentionally “distressed” to appear old. With practice, you can detect the difference.
Check the Weight and Dimensions
Akbar gold (mohur), silver (rupi) and copper (dam) coins had precise weights and sizes. Copper coins should weigh around 10 grams, silver rupis 11 grams, and gold mohurs around 11.6 grams. While some variance is normal due to wear, significant differences could indicate a counterfeit. Measure the diameter too, which was typically around 1 inch for copper and silver coins and slightly larger for gold mohurs.
Have the Coin Appraised
For high-value or rare coins, professional appraisal and grading is worthwhile. Reputable third-party coin grading and authentication services employ expert numismatists who can determine a coin’s condition, authenticity, and fair market value. They use advanced equipment and have access to large databases of known genuine coins for comparison. The peace of mind and added value to your collection can be well worth the investment.
Following these tips will help ensure your Akbar coins are the real McCoy and enable you to appreciate them as a true piece of history. While becoming an expert takes years of experience, with practice you can gain a good eye for spotting fakes and properly grading authentic coins.
Cleaning, Preserving and Storing Old Akbar Coins
To keep your Akbar coins in great condition for generations to come, proper cleaning, storage and preservation is key.
Cleaning Coins
When you first obtain an Akbar coin, gently wipe away any dirt or debris with a soft, dry cloth to get a better look at the details. Avoid using any chemicals, solvents or abrasive cleaners which can damage the patina and reduce the coin’s value. For stuck-on grime, you can try soaking the coin briefly in distilled water and then drying it. Harsh scrubbing or ultrasonic cleaners should never be used.
Proper Storage
Once cleaned, store your Akbar coins in archival-safe supplies. Place each coin in an airtight plastic sleeve or capsule and store together in a binder, box or cabinet away from direct heat or light. Make sure the storage area remains at a consistent temperature and humidity. Avoid PVC plastics and laminating coins, as this can speed up deterioration over time.
Preservation
To slow down the aging process, consider having your most valuable Akbar coins graded and authenticated by a third-party coin grading service. Professional grading involves carefully examining the coin under magnification to determine its condition and authenticity. The coin is then sonically sealed in an acrylic holder with an official grade and unique serial number, preserving its condition at that point in time.
Graded or raw, be sure to handle Akbar coins as little as possible to avoid scratches and wear. When displaying coins, choose a secure cabinet or frame and avoid gluing the coins directly onto a surface. With proper care and preservation, a rare Akbar gold mohur or silver rupee coin can maintain its condition for many years and gain value as an important historical artifact. Your coin collection can be a source of joy and wonder for generations to come.
Where to Buy or Sell Akbar Coins and Mughal Coins
Once you catch the coin collecting bug, you’ll want to know where to find more specimens for your collection. Akbar coins and other Mughal coins from the 16th and 17th centuries can be found from several sources.
One option is to buy from reputable coin dealers, either online or at coin shows. Established dealers have access to a range of coins in different conditions and prices. They can also properly authenticate and grade the coins to determine their market value. However, expect to pay premium prices when buying from dealers.
Another popular choice is buying on auction sites like eBay. Here you may be able to find better deals from individuals selling parts of their collections. The downside is that coins on auction sites are not always properly authenticated or graded. Make sure the seller has a solid reputation and return policy in case the coin is not as advertised.
You can also consider attending local coin shows or conventions, where you can view and handle the coins in person before buying. Talk to the dealers to learn more about the history and significance of different coins. Shows often feature a wide array of coins at various price points. However, the selection is limited to what the attending dealers have on hand.
Some collectors buy coins from private individuals through classified ads or word of mouth. Again, authentication and grading is key, so only buy from reputable sellers that provide documentation for the coins. Private sales may yield the best discounts, but also the highest risks.
Once you have an established collection, you may want to sell or trade duplicate or lower-value pieces. The same methods for buying coins also work for selling—through dealers, auctions, shows, or private buyers. Keep in mind that you will get lower prices when selling than the initial purchase price. Proper grading and authentication is important to demonstrate the coin’s fair market value to buyers.
With some patience and discernment, you can build up an impressive collection of rare Akbar or Mughal coins. The journey of learning about these fascinating pieces of history can be as rewarding as acquiring them. Happy hunting!
FAQs About Coins of Akbar: Answering Common Collector Questions
As an avid collector of Mughal coins, you likely have many questions about the numismatic history of Akbar’s reign. Here are some of the most frequently asked questions from coin enthusiasts.
How can I tell if a coin is authentic? There are a few signs that indicate an authentic Akbar coin:
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Check the weight and size, which should match the specifications of that denomination. Gold mohurs weighed around 10.7 grams, silver rupees 11 grams, and copper coins 3.4 grams.
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Examine the calligraphy. The inscriptions were intricately engraved by hand, so letters should not look machine-made. Look for slight imperfections and natural curves.
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Inspect the surface. Authentic coins will show signs of aging and natural wear and tear. The surface should not look freshly minted.
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Consider the provenance. Coins from reputable sellers, auction houses or that come with authentication certificates are more likely to be genuine.
What do the symbols mean? The coins often featured a variety of symbols reflecting Akbar’s open-mindedness towards different faiths. Common symbols include:
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The sun, symbolizing ‘akbar’ meaning ‘great’.
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The crescent moon of Islam.
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The sacred bull Nandi, representing Hinduism.
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The cross of Christianity.
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The fire altar of Zoroastrianism.
By including these, Akbar promoted inclusiveness of India’s diverse religious communities.
How should I preserve my collection? Proper storage and handling is key to preserving your coins:
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Use coin capsules or flips to protect from scratches and environmental damage.
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Store coins in a cool, dry location away from extreme heat or humidity.
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Handle coins by the edges to avoid damaging the surfaces.
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Consider professional grading and certification to authenticate and preserve the condition of valuable coins.
Learning about the history behind the coins of Akbar’s reign and taking steps to preserve your collection will allow you to enjoy these treasures for generations to come. Please let me know if you have any other questions!
Conclusion
You've explored the fascinating coins of Akbar and their place in Mughal history. From the intricate symbols to the different metals used, his coinage reflected the empire's values and evolution. Looking at these coins now, you get a glimpse into the past and can appreciate the artistry and care that went into their creation. As a coin collector and history buff, you can keep this legacy alive by preserving well-worn coins, researching their origins, and sharing your knowledge. Coins may be small objects, but they hold big stories once you dig in. Whether adding to your own collection or donating to a museum, you now have a deeper understanding of why Akbar's coins deserve to be cherished